Biomarkers, Clinical Variables, and the CHA₂DS₂-VASc Score to Detect Silent Brain Infarcts in Atrial Fibrillation Patients

Article information

J Stroke. 2021;23(3):449-452

Publication date (electronic) : 2021 September 30

doi : https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2021.02068

Philipp Krisai^a,b, Ceylan Eken^a,c, Stefanie Aeschbacher^a,c, Michael Coslovsky^a,c, Vinzent Rolny^d, Desirée Carmine^a,c, Lorenzo Grazioli Gauthier^e, Jürg Beer^f, Laurent Roten^g, Oliver Baretella^h,i, Nicolas Rodondi^h,i, Leo H. Bonati^j, Christine S. Zuern^a,c, Christian Müller^a,c, David Conen^a,k, Michael Kühne^,a,c, Stefan Osswald^,a,c, for the Swiss-AF study investigators

^aCardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

^bElectrophysiology and Ablation Unit and L’Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque (LIRYC), University Hospital Bordeaux, Bordeaux- Pessac, France

^cDepartment of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

^dRoche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany

^eDepartment of Internal Medicine, Regional Hospital Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland

^fDepartment of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baden, Baden, Switzerland

^gDepartment of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

^hDepartment of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

ⁱInstitute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

^jDepartment of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

^kPopulation Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Correspondence: Stefan Osswald Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland Tel: +41-612652525 Fax: +41-612654598 E-mail: sosswald@uhbs.ch

Co-correspondence: Michael Kühne Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland Tel: +41-612654444 Fax: +41-612654598 E-mail: michael.kuehne@usb.ch

Received 2021 June 9; Revised 2021 September 8; Accepted 2021 September 9.

Dear Sir:

Silent brain infarcts are associated with cognitive dysfunction similar to overt strokes in af (AF) patients [1]. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (bMRI) is needed to detect silent infarcts and initiate secondary prevention, but is unfeasible in all patients. We therefore investigated the associations of biomarkers, clinical variables and the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score with silent brain infarcts to non-invasively identify high-risk patients.

The Swiss Atrial Fibrillation (Swiss-AF) cohort is a prospective, multicenter study, that enrolled patients with previously documented AF and age ≥65 years (subset aged 45 to 65 years was included) [1]. The study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki, the study protocol was approved by the local ethics committees (approval number 2014-067) and informed written consent was obtained from each participant. Of 2,415 enrolled patients, we excluded 479 (19.8%) with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) to analyze only silent brain infarcts, 658 (27.2%) without standardized bMRI and 381 (15.8%) without complete biomarker assessment, leaving 1,140 patients. Cognitive function was assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (maximum score 30 points, higher scores indicating better cognition, one point was added if formal education ≤12 years) [2]. A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed at enrolment. Details on biomarker selection are provided in the Supplementary material [3-12]. Large non-cortical infarcts were defined as hyperintense lesions on fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) >20 mm in diameter on axial sections without cortical involvement. Cortical infarcts as hyperintense lesions of any size on FLAIR involving the cortex. Large non-cortical and any cortical infarct (LNCCIs) were combined into one category and chosen as the primary outcome as LNCCI were the only brain lesions independently associated with cognitive dysfunction [1].

Biomarkers and LNCCI volumes were log-transformed. To investigate associations of biomarkers with LNCCI presence and volume, we standardized (z-score) all biomarkers in crude, age/sex-adjusted and multivariable (adjusted for prespecified variables) models. To maximize the area under the curve (AUC) for diagnosing silent LNCCIs, a biomarker combination was selected by backward selection from a model containing all biomarkers and the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score as a continuous variable. Similar backward selection was repeated for clinical variables and a combination of clinical variables and biomarkers. Clinical variables included sex, age, body mass index, active smoking, arterial hypertension, prior heart failure, diabetes, vascular disease, and presence of AF on a 12-lead ECG. We then compared the AUCs of the biomarkers, the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score, the clinical variables, and their combinations. The final model with the highest AUC, a combination of biomarker and clinical variables, was internally validated based on 1,000 simulations using bootstrap with replacement. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) or R version 3.5.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) (registration-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; unique identifier: NCT02105844).

Mean±standard deviation age was 72.1±8.7 years, 836 (73.3%) patients were male and 445 (45.9%) had paroxysmal AF. LNCCI were present in 170 (14.9%) patients and median volume was 492 mm³ (interquartile range [IQR], 144 to 3,510). All biomarkers except for creatinine, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and heart fatty-acid-binding protein-3 (hFABP-3) were individually associated with present LNCCI (Figure 1A). Levels of hs-troponinT (β=0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.02 to 0.64; P=0.04) and angiopoietin-2 (β=0.33; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.63; P=0.03) were also associated with LNCCI volumes.

Figure 1.

(A) Separate logistic regression models for the relations of biomarker and large non-cortical and any cortical infarct (LNCCI). (B) Area under the curve (AUC) to diagnose LNCCI for different models. OR, odd ratio; CI, confidence interval; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; GDF-15, growth differentiation factor-15; IGFBP-7, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-7; ESM-1, endothelial cell-specific molecule-1; hFABP-3, heart fatty-acid-binding protein-3; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

AUCs for all different models are shown in Figure 1B (details in Supplementary material). The combination of hs-troponinT, osteopontin, hFABP-3, vascular disease, and AF on the ECG had the highest AUC of 0.679 (95% CI, 0.636 to 0.722) for LNCCI and was therefore selected as the final model. Individual odds ratios (ORs) were 1.31 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.62; P=0.01 for hs-troponinT), 1.38 (95% CI, 1.12 to 1.70; P=0.002 for osteopontin), 0.82 (95% CI, 0.65 to 1.04; P=0.10 for hFABP-3), 1.76 (95% CI, 1.24 to 2.51; P=0.002 for vascular disease), and 1.64 (95% CI, 1.16 to 2.32; P=0.005 for AF on the ECG). Internal validation showed an AUC of 0.662 (IQR, 0.643 to 0.682).

The AUC for vascular disease and AF on the ECG alone was 0.633 (95% CI, 0.589 to 0.677; P=0.001 compared to the final model) and their respective ORs were 2.10 (95% CI, 1.50 to 2.96; P<0.0001) and 1.95 (95% CI, 1.40 to 2.72; P<0.0001). The biomarker combination of hs-troponinT, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), osteopontin, and hFABP-3 had an AUC of 0.662 (95% CI, 0.617 to 0.706; P=0.16 compared to the final model), without any significant improvement by adding the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score. Individual ORs were 1.33 (95% CI, 1.07 to 1.64; P=0.009 for hs-troponinT), 1.34 (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.66; P=0.008 for NT-proBNP), 1.34 (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.66; P=0.007 for osteopontin), and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.63 to 1.02; P=0.07 for hFABP-3). The AUC and OR for the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score alone were 0.602 (95% CI, 0.558 to 0.647; P=0.0002 compared to the final model) and 1.28 (95% CI, 1.14 to 1.44; P<0.0001), respectively.

Risk quartiles based on the final model showed increasing LNCCI prevalence from 7.4%, 8.8%; 16.8% to 26.7% and decreasing MoCA scores from 26.3, 26.3; 25.3 to 24.8 points over increasing quartiles (P<0.0001 for both).

We comprehensively assessed the associations of clinical parameters, biomarkers, and the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score with silent brain infarcts. Approximately one out of four AF patients in the highest risk quartile, based on the final model, had a silent brain infarct. Thus, our risk model identifies a high-risk population for bMRI screening. Once silent brain lesions are confirmed, these patients might benefit from initiation or adjustment of anticoagulation, reduction in AF-burden [13], and treatment of traditional stroke risk factors [14]. Randomized trials are needed to establish the impact of those interventions on cognitive decline related to silent infarcts. Strengths of our study include the large sample size, a wide biomarker array and detailed patient characterization. Limitations are unclear generalizability to patients with transient AF forms, cardiac devices and a history of stroke/TIA.

In conclusion, the combination of hs-troponinT, osteopontin, hFABP-3, vascular disease, and AF on the ECG had the highest discriminatory ability to diagnose clinically silent LNCCIs.