Symptomatic Steno-Occlusion in Patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction: Prevalence, Distribution, and Functional Outcome

Article information

J Stroke. 2014;16(1):36-43

Publication date (electronic) : 2014 January 31

doi : https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2014.16.1.36

^aDepartment of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam, Korea.

^bDepartment of Neurology, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.

^cDepartment of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

^dDepartment of Neurology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea.

^eDepartment of Neurology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea.

^fDepartment of Neurology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University, Koyang, Korea.

^gDepartment of Biostatistics, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

^hDepartment of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

^IDepartment of Neurology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea.

^jDepartment of Neurology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.

^kDepartment of Neurology, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea.

^lDepartment of Neurology, Samsung Changwon Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea.

Correspondence: Hee-Joon Bae. Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 166 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-707, Korea. Tel: +82-31-787-7467, Fax: +82-31-787-4059, braindoc@snu.ac.kr

Received 2013 December 10; Revised 2013 December 23; Accepted 2014 January 13.

Abstract

Background and Purpose

Symptomatic steno-occlusion (SYSO) in acute ischemic stroke has a significant impact on treatment options and prognosis. However, the prevalence, distribution, clinical characteristics, and outcome of SYSO are not well known.

Methods

We retrospectively identified 3,451 patients hospitalized because of ischemic stroke within 24 hours of symptom onset at 9 stroke centers in South Korea. Patients who did not undergo magnetic resonance imaging were excluded. SYSO was defined as stenosis or occlusion of cerebral arteries with relevant ischemic lesions in the corresponding arterial territory. The number, location, and severity of SYSOs and their effects on functional outcome were analyzed.

Results

In total, 1,929 of 3,057 subjects (63.1%) had SYSO. The most frequently affected vessels were the middle cerebral artery (34.6%), extracranial internal carotid artery (14%), vertebral artery (12.4%), and basilar artery (8.7%). SYSO predicted poor outcome on the modified Rankin Scale 3-6 (odds ratio, 1.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.46-2.15) with adjustments. Involvement of 2 or more vessels was observed in 30.6% of patients with SYSO and independently increased the risk of poor outcome (odds ratio, 2.76; 95% confidence interval, 2.12-3.59). The severity of SYSO was associated with outcome and showed a significant dose-response trend (P<0.001). The effect of SYSO on outcome did not significantly differ by individual arterial location (P for contrast=0.21).

Conclusions

Approximately 60% of patients with acute ischemic stroke had SYSO, and the severity and number were inversely correlated with outcome. The results suggest that SYSO could predict stroke outcome.

Keywords: Cerebrovascular occlusion; Stroke; Cerebral arteries; Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Introduction

Evidence suggests that symptomatic steno-occlusion (SYSO) in acute ischemic stroke is associated with initial neurologic severity1 and stroke outcome.2-4 For the treatment of acute stroke, SYSO is not only the conceptual therapeutic target of intravenous thrombolysis5 but also the main target of intra-arterial thrombolysis,6 emergency endarterectomy,7 stent placement,8-10 and bypass operation.

With an increased focus on SYSO, several studies have attempted to elucidate the impact of SYSO on stroke outcome. These studies detected SYSO in 30%-80% of patients with ischemic stroke,1,11,12 and its location and severity were related to mortality, functional outcome, and stroke recurrence.13-15 However, a widely variable detection rate and inconsistent findings regarding the effect of the location and severity of SYSO has prohibited translation of these important findings to the general stroke population. For example, a variable time interval from stroke onset to study inclusion and the use of different diagnostic modalities may provide inconsistent results. We hypothesized that therapeutic or spontaneous recanalization of the acute occlusion vessel and discrepancies among diagnostic methods in detecting the vascular pathology may also contribute to heterogeneous findings.16-18 In addition, studies that allow enrollment of only selected cases and are conducted at a single center inhibit the generalization of findings.

In this study, we used a nationwide multicenter stroke registry to investigate the prevalence and distribution of SYSO in patients with acute ischemic stroke within 24 hours of stroke onset.19 To allow for feasible and accurate results, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was used for the vascular workup. The distribution of SYSO was characterized by location, number, and severity. In addition, we evaluated the contribution of SYSO and its characteristics to functional outcome.

Methods

Study subjects and data acquisition

In this retrospective observational study, we enrolled a consecutive series of 5,393 patients into the Clinical Research Center for Stroke program; these patients were admitted to one of 9 nationwide university or community-based hospitals in the Republic of Korea between September 2008 and March 2010 because of acute ischemic stroke. The Clinical Research Center for Stroke program was designed to prospectively collect clinical data from patients who experienced a stroke and to build a web-based multicenter stroke registry. The Clinical Research Center for Stroke plans to investigate the clinical evidence in the field of stroke prevention, management, and prognosis; to provide practical information; and to eventually aid decision making based on evidence. The registry also includes information on management performance measures as part of a quality improvement program. Each participating hospital received human research approval to enroll cases without individual patient consent under a common rule as well as exemption from subsequent review by their institutional review boards.

In total, 3,451 (64.0%) of the enrolled patients who visited the hospital within 24 hours after stroke onset were included. We excluded 371 patients (10.8%) who did not undergo diffusion-weighted imaging or cerebrovascular workup by MRA to evaluate the symptomatic lesion. After further excluding 23 patients who did not undergo assessment of functional outcome at discharge, 3,057 patients were included in the study.

We extracted the following data from the registry: demographic profile, medical history, smoking, detected risk factors, baseline stroke severity assessed by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, stroke subtype by Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification, thrombolysis, imaging findings, and functional outcome at discharge. A trained physician performed routine assessment of functional outcome with the modified Rankin Disability Scale (mRS) at discharge or transfer to a rehabilitation unit. Scores were categorized as good (mRS, 0-2) or poor (mRS, 3-6) outcome.

Cerebral vasculature workup

All images were obtained using whole body magnetic resonance imaging. Two-dimensional time-of-flight MRA was used for angiography. The imaging study was conducted on the day of admission, and the procedure was performed using the stroke protocol of each participating hospital.

Steno-occlusion of a cerebral artery was identified by the on-site neuroradiologist and reviewed by a neurologist. The stenosis was defined as a reduction in diameter or transient signal void with distal flow and categorized as either a mild (<50%) or a moderate to severe (≥50%) stenosis with some degree of modification.20 The occlusion denoted the loss of signal without distal flow. The investigated vessels were divided into 7 groups according to the location of the arterial lesion: extracranial internal carotid artery (EICA), intracranial internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery (MCA), anterior cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery, basilar artery (BA), and vertebral artery (VA). Ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging with compatible clinical findings were classified according to the distribution of arterial territory. SYSO was diagnosed when stenosis or occlusion of the cerebral artery was observed with a relevant ischemic lesion. The number of SYSOs was categorized as the involvement of a single vessel or multiple vessels (≥2). Involvement of multiple vessels was categorized as ipsilateral multiple anterior circulation, multiple posterior circulation, bilateral anterior circulation, and both anterior and posterior circulation. For involvement of a single vessel, the severity of SYSO was categorized as mild, moderate to severe, and occlusion. Location was investigated by 2 methods: involvement of the anterior versus posterior circulation and individual arterial location.

Statistical analysis

For univariate statistical analysis, χ² test and Student t test were used to study demographic characteristics and clinical variables and to study the relationship of variables with functional outcome. We chose the variables that were associated with the presence of SYSO (P<0.2) for covariates of the multivariate model and considered the clinical plausibility.

The χ² test and Student t test were used to analyze the relationship between functional outcome and SYSO characteristics, including existence, number, severity, and location. Multivariate logistic regression models were developed to measure the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of SYSO and the characteristics of poor functional outcome. For comparison of effects among each group on the basis of the number and location of SYSOs, we applied a contrast method using a combination of estimated coefficients from the logistic model. For evaluation of the severity of SYSO, a likelihood ratio test was applied to compare the dose-response trends with the outcome. Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 17.0 software (Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

Baseline characteristics of study subjects

The mean age of the 3,057 study subjects was 67.3±12.5 years (male, 58.9%), and their median baseline NIHSS score was 4 (interquartile range, 2-10). In total, 15.1% of these subjects received thrombolytic therapy. At discharge, 1,401 subjects (45.8%) were assessed as having a poor functional outcome. Poor outcome was associated with age, sex, diabetes, high risk of a cardioembolic source, smoking, history of stroke, baseline NIHSS score, and thrombolysis (P<0.2) (Supplementary Table 1).

Distribution and clinical properties of SYSO

A total of 1,929 subjects (63.1%) had SYSO with more than mild stenosis. The detection rate of SYSO from stroke onset to hospital arrival within 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours was 66%, 65.1%, 60.2%, and 58.0%, respectively.

A comparison of the baseline characteristics of the study subjects based on the presence of SYSO is shown in Table 1. Patients with SYSO were older and had significantly higher proportions of diabetes, high risk of a cardioembolic source, history of stroke, and more severe baseline NIHSS score. In total, 50.8% of strokes were attributable to large artery disease and 25.6% were attributable to cardioembolic stroke.

Table 1

Baseline characteristics and acute stage treatment methods of study subjects

In patients with a single SYSO (n=1,339), MCA was the most affected vessel, followed by EICA, VA, and BA (Figure 1). Of the single SYSOs, 70.6% were located in anterior vessels. The characteristics of old age, female sex, and high risk of a cardioembolic source were significantly greater in those with an anterior vessel SYSO compared with a posterior vessel SYSO.

Figure 1

Distributed pattern of SYSO at the acute stage of ischemic stroke and relationship to functional outcome. The pie graph in the upper panel shows the distribution of single SYSO (n=1,339). MCA was the most affected vessel, followed by EICA, VA, and BA. The bar graphs in the lower panel show the degree of steno-occlusion (x-axis) and functional outcome (y-axis). Outcome was assessed by mRS at discharge and categorized as good (blue; mRS, 0-2) or poor (green; mRS, 3-6). BA, basilar artery; EICA, extracranial internal carotid artery; IICA, intracranial internal carotid artery; MCA, middle cerebral artery; mRS, modified Rankin Disability Scale; SYSO, symptomatic steno-occlusion; VA, vertebral artery.

In terms of severity, 25.5% of patients with a single SYSO had mild stenosis, 36.1% had moderate to severe stenosis, and 38.4% had occlusion. As shown in Figure 1, symptomatic arterial occlusion was frequently observed in the MCA and EICA and moderate to severe stenosis was most frequently observed in the BA.

A total of 590 subjects (30.6%) with SYSO had involvement of multiple vessels. Compared with patients with a single SYSO, involvement of multiple vessels was related to old age and a more severe baseline NIHSS score but not with high risk of a cardioembolic source. Among the patients with multiple SYSOs, involvement of both the anterior and posterior circulation (44.4%) was the most commonly observed pattern, followed by involvement of the ipsilateral multiple anterior circulation (34.6%), multiple posterior circulation (13.7%), and bilateral anterior circulation (7.3%).

Impact of SYSO on functional outcome

In total, 55.3% of patients with SYSO had a poor functional outcome, which was almost twice as high as that of patients without SYSO (Table 2). The multiple logistic model confirmed that the presence of SYSO was independently associated with a poor outcome at discharge (adjusted OR, 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46-2.15) (Table 2 and Supplementary Table 2).

Table 2

Impact of symptomatic steno-occlusion (SYSO) on poor functional outcome at discharge by multivariate analysis

When the involvement of single and multiple vessels was analyzed separately in the multiple logistic model, both single SYSO (adjusted OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.22-1.83) and multiple SYSOs (adjusted OR, 2.71; 95% CI, 2.09-3.53) increased the risk of a poor outcome (Table 2). Additional analysis of the involvement of single and multiple vessels showed that the impact on functional outcome differed depending on the number of SYSOs (P for contrast <0.001).

Analysis of the relationship between outcome and anterior versus posterior location of SYSO revealed that a poor outcome was more prevalent when SYSO was in the anterior circulation than in the posterior circulation (55.2% vs. 37.1%). For individual arterial locations, the EICA, intracranial internal carotid artery, MCA, and BA showed a statistically significant crude OR for functional outcome (Table 2). However, the effect of the location on outcome disappeared in the multivariable logistic model (P for contrast=0.52), and an additional regression model introducing the individual arterial location showed similar results (P for contrast=0.21).

Analysis of the relationship between the severity of a single SYSO and outcome showed that a moderate to severe degree of stenosis (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.07-1.85) and occlusion (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.51-2.65) of the cerebral vasculature significantly increased the risk of poor outcome compared with those without SYSO in the multivariable model. In addition, there was a significant dose-response relationship (P for trend <0.001). There was no additional effect of severity and location of a single SYSO (P for interaction effect=0.45).

Discussion

In this study, 63% of patients with acute ischemic stroke had an MRA-defined steno-occlusion with a relevant ischemic lesion that independently affected the prognosis. Previous studies have observed vascular lesions in 30%-80% of patients with ischemic stroke.4,11,12,15 To translate this work to the general population, these discrepancies must be addressed.

The time interval from stroke onset to hospital arrival is considered first. Two studies conducted during the hyperacute stage (3-6 hours) reported that approximately 80% of patients had vascular occlusions on MRA and digital subtraction arteriography.12,21 Other studies that included patients 1 day after stroke observed SYSO in approximately 30% of patients.11,15 Recanalization of the steno-occluded vessels during the hyperacute stage could explain the discrepancy between these studies, and rapid examination of the cerebral vasculature could be helpful in the detection of steno-occlusion.16

The lack of a consensus on the definition of SYSO and differences in diagnostic modalities also affect the detection rate of SYSO. In this work, we included more than a mild degree of symptomatic stenosis and occlusion detected by MRA. However, previous studies using Doppler ultrasonography detected 30% of symptomatic vessels with more than 50% stenosis or occlusion.11

Consistent with previous studies that showed the effect of ethnicity,22 involvement of the intracranial artery was observed in 72% of patients in this study; this is similar to the findings of a Chinese study23 and higher than that seen in Spanish (56.8%)11 and German (37.6%)15 studies. Interestingly, the ratio of stroke subtype in this study was similar to that in the German study (Table 1). After examining the risk factors for stroke, the most frequent cause of stroke in patients with SYSO was large artery disease, followed by cardioembolic stroke.

Approximately 30% of patients with SYSO (19.3% of all subjects in the study) had 2 or more symptomatic vascular lesions. Compared with previous findings of multiple vascular lesions in 4%-18% of patients, an MRA-based study may detect a high proportion of cases of multiple SYSOs. In support of this, a previous study reported that 30% of patients with acute ischemic stroke had multiple ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.24 We found no significant difference in demographic profiles or clinical characteristics between patients with single and multiple SYSOs. The most frequent stroke subtype in patients with multiple SYSOs was large artery disease rather than cardioembolic stroke.

In this study, SYSO at acute stages of ischemic stroke increased the relative risk of a poor outcome to 77%. This finding suggests that clinicians need to pay more attention to SYSO in addition to previously noted predictors such as lesion volume,25 stroke severity,26 and administration of various agents at acute stages.5,6

We investigated the effects of the characteristics of SYSO, including quantity, location, and severity, on the severity of outcome. The location of SYSO in terms of anterior versus posterior circulation and individual arterial location did not affect the stroke outcome. This finding was consistent with the post-hoc analysis of the Warfarin versus Aspirin for Symptomatic Intracranial Disease trial, which reported that the location of intracranial stenosis was not associated with recurrence of ischemic stroke.13 The individual arterial location also did not have a statistically significant effect on outcome. However, the results of the effect of individual arteries on stroke outcome should be interpreted with caution. Highly correlated relationships between the individual artery site and the baseline severity of stroke as previously described14,21 might have diminished the statistical power.

The severity of SYSO varied, depending on the individual artery. In the MCA and EICA, moderate to severe stenosis and occlusion were frequently observed and the proportion of poor outcomes was related to the severity of SYSO. In contrast, the BA and VA did not show this relationship. However, the effect of severity based on the arterial location did not show a significant interaction. We observed a relationship between severity and the risk of a poor outcome when considering a single SYSO. Finally, multiple SYSOs were associated with a worse outcome than a single SYSO even though there were few differences in the clinical characteristics. Further research to explain these results is warranted.

This study had several limitations. First, it is difficult to assess the generalizability of this study because MRA was used exclusively. However, MRA is used in 96.8% of patients with ischemic stroke, which may resolve this limitation to some degree. Second, there is the possibility of a selection bias in this study because of limited hospital participation. However, the large number of patients nationwide from scattered community-based hospitals is believed to provide enough power to detect relatively large effects of SYSO on stroke outcome. Lastly, stroke outcome was observed at discharge or transfer, which would prohibit elucidating its effect on 3-month stroke outcome.

In conclusion, we showed that approximately 60% of patients with acute ischemic stroke have SYSO and that many of these patients have multiple vessels involved. SYSO is an independent risk factor for poor clinical outcome, and this risk is affected by the number and severity of SYSOs.

Notes

This study was supported by a grant from the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI10C2020).

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

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Supplementary Material

Supplementary Table 1

Baseline characteristics of study subjects and comparisons by functional outcome at discharge

jos-16-36-s001.pdf

Supplementary Table 2

Multivariable logistic model to evaluate the effect of SYSO to the stroke outcome

jos-16-36-s002.pdf

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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Award ID : HI10C2020