Blood pressure (BP) is usually elevated in the acute phase of ICH. Studies have been performed to determine whether intensive BP lowering is more beneficial than standard BP treatment in the early phase of ICH. The INTERACT-2 study showed that early intensive BP lowering (target systolic BP <140 mmHg) was moderately associated with lower mortality or major disability rate than standard BP lowering (target systolic BP <180 mmHg) [2]. However, the reasons for improved outcomes are unclear because changes in hematoma growth did not differ between the two groups. The ATACH-2 trial, which randomly assigned patients to the same BP targets as in INTERACT-2, showed that the outcomes were not different between the intensive and standard treatment groups [3]. The hypothesis of these trials was based on the idea that intensive BP control might inhibit rebleeding or hematoma growth. However, the lower is not always the better. A substudy of INTERACT-2 showed a J-curve for BP-outcome interaction; systolic BP <130 mmHg as well as >140 mmHg after ICH was associated with poor outcomes [4]. It is controversial whether the early rise in BP after ICH is an adaptive response to perfuse the perihematomal penumbral area or a simple deleterious event resulting in rebleeding or expansion of edema. Future trials should consider cerebral hemodynamics in individual patients to allow tailored BP management strategies.

Finally, there is limited evidence regarding the benefits of surgical treatment of ICH. The STICH trials could not demonstrate the overall benefit of early surgical interventions on mortality and functional outcomes in patients with ICH [5,6]. However, the results do not negate the potential benefit of early surgery in selected patients. In the subgroup analysis of STICH II [6], patients in the poor prognosis group (i.e., low Glasgow coma score and large hematoma volume) benefitted from early surgery, whereas those in the good prognosis group did not. Identification of patients who may benefit from early surgery on the basis of clinical, imaging, hematoma, and hemodynamic characteristics should be of great importance. Technical advances in surgical evacuation should also be established. Future trials in such selected patients with advanced surgical techniques are warranted.

Recently, there has been remarkable progress in endovascular therapy in hyperacute ischemic stroke. We are eagerly anticipating such major milestones in ICH therapeutics.