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J Stroke > Volume 20(3); 2018 > Article
Lee, Lin, Tsai, and Kao: Statin and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack in Head and Neck Cancer Patients with Radiotherapy
Dear Sir:
We read with great interest the study entitled “Incidental statin use and the risk of stroke or transient ischemic attack after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer” by Addison et al. [1] The study, which included 1,011 head and neck cancer (HNC) patients with 288 (28%) on statins, found that statin was protective against the development of transient ischemic attack (TIA) and ischemic stroke after radiotherapy during a median followup of 3.4 years.
With the aim to examine the association between statin and stroke risk after radiotherapy in a larger cohort of HNC patients, we conducted a nationwide population-based study using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification was used for disease identification and the cancer status was confirmed using the catastrophic illness registry. We identified newly diagnosed HNC patients receiving radiotherapy from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2010 (n=48,548), and patients with previous cancer or radiotherapy history were excluded for further analysis. Statin user was defined as use of statin during the entire course of radiotherapy. After propensity score matching of the selected comorbidities, there were 1,073 patients receiving statin (user group) and 1,073 matched patient not receiving statin (nonuser group) during radiotherapy and followup. The demographics were not different between the user and nonuser groups except for the use of antithrombotics and antihypertensives, which were of higher incidence in the user group (Table 1). In total, TIA or ischemic stroke developed in 64 patients in the user group and 45 in the nonuser group during the study period, respectively. Cumulative incidences of developing TIA or ischemic stroke in the user and nonuser groups were presented in Figure 1, and no significant difference was observed (log-rank test, P=0.29). The risk of TIA or ischemic stroke was also similar in the competing-risk regression model (adjusted subhazard ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence level, 0.95 to 1.91). Further subgroup analysis showed that statin was associated with reduced risk of TIA or ischemic stroke in patient over 65 years of age, but with elevated risk of TIA or ischemic stroke in female patients (Supplementary Table 1). We also found no significant difference between different statins on the TIA or ischemic stroke incidence.
The preliminary findings from this study showed that the legacy effect of statin during radiotherapy does not lower the subsequent risk of TIA and ischemic stroke in patient with HNC, which is contradictory to the report by Addison et al. [1] Our study population, which comprised mostly of Asians, was different from that of Addison’s, and the different ethnic background may contribute to divergent statin resistance. Moreover, nasopharyngeal carcinoma consisted of a significant proportion of HNC in Taiwan [2]. The different treatment field in radiotherapy for HNC may result in different carotid artery pathology. The large sample size and wide coverage (>99%) of the National Health Insurance are the strong points of this study, while the study limitation is the potential insufficient adjustments for the various confounding factors from its retrospective design.
In summary, statin use during radiotherapy was not associated with reduced risk of TIA or ischemic stroke in Taiwanese patients with HNC. Possible difference in statin resistance and types of HNC might be the explanation for the inconsistent result with the previous study. Future large-scale prospective studies are necessary to determine effectiveness of statin in preventing radiation-induced vascular disease and stroke.

Supplementary materials

Supplementary materials related to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2018.01585.
Supplementary Table 1.
Incidences and subhazard ratios of ischemic stroke or TIA in head and neck cancer patient with and without statin during radiotherapy stratified by demographics and comorbidity in the competing-risk regression model
jos-2018-01585-suppl1.pdf

Notes

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan (MOHW107-TDU-B-212-123004); China Medical University Hospital (DMR-107-192); Academia Sinica Stroke Biosignature Project (BM10701010021); MOST Clinical Trial Consortium for Stroke (MOST 106-2321-B-039-005-); TsengLien Lin Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan; and Katsuzo and Kiyo Aoshima Memorial Funds, Japan. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. No additional external funding received for this study.

Figure 1.
Cumulative incidence of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in the user and nonuser group during follow-up.
jos-2018-01585f1.jpg
Table 1.
Comparisons in demographic characteristics and comorbidities in head and neck cancer patient with and without statin during radiotherapy
Characteristic Statin
P
No (n=1,073) Yes (n=1,073)
Gender 0.21
 Women 124 (11.6) 143 (13.3)
 Men 949 (88.4) 930 (86.7)
Age stratified (yr) 0.69
 ≤49 149 (13.9) 163 (15.2)
 50-64 549 (51.2) 539 (50.2)
 ≥65 375 (35.0) 371 (34.6)
Age (yr)* 60.5±10.2 60.6±10.5 0.90
Comorbidity
 Hypertension 840 (78.3) 830 (77.4) 0.60
 Hyperlipidemia 882 (82.2) 882 (82.2) 0.99
 Diabetes 531 (49.5) 524 (48.8) 0.76
 Congestive heart failure 102 (9.5) 123 (11.5) 0.14
 Hypercoagulability 4 (0.4) 4 (0.4) 0.99
 Atrial fibrillation 19 (1.8) 25 (2.3) 0.36
 Coronary artery disease 449 (41.9) 467 (43.5) 0.43
 Chronic kidney disease and ESRD 170 (15.8) 181 (16.9) 0.52
 Previous stroke 175 (16.3) 180 (16.8) 0.77
Medication
 Aspirin 891 (83.0) 937 (87.3) 0.01
 Clopidogrel 89 (8.3) 248 (23.1) <0.01
 ACEI 627 (58.4) 706 (65.8) <0.01
 ARB 463 (43.2) 604 (56.3) <0.01
 Warfarin 42 (3.9) 61 (5.7) 0.06
Treatment
 Surgery 181 (16.9) 182 (17.0) 0.95
 Chemotherapy 776 (72.3) 765 (71.3) 0.60
 Cetuximab 18 (1.7) 25 (2.3) 0.28
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±SD. Chi-square test.
ESRD, end-stage renal disease; ACEI, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.
* t-test.

References

1. Addison D, Lawler PR, Emami H, Janjua SA, Staziaki PV, Hallett TR, et al. Incidental statin use and the risk of stroke or transient ischemic attack after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. J Stroke 2018;20:71-79.
crossref pmid pmc pdf
2. Chiang CJ, Lo WC, Yang YW, You SL, Chen CJ, Lai MS. Incidence and survival of adult cancer patients in Taiwan, 2002-2012. J Formos Med Assoc 2016;115:1076-1088.
crossref pmid


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